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Normal hip xray dog4/15/2024 B, A similar Rottweiler (white arrows) has concurrent osteitis of the distal end of a metacarpal bone (black arrowheads). 18-20 A, Fragmentation of sesamoids 2 and 7 in a Rottweiler (white arrows). Although this may be true, and has been reported in conjunction with ruptured cruciate ligaments 10 and trauma of the tendon of origin of the popliteus 23, 24 and gastrocnemius, 25, 26 variation in sesamoid location may also occur in the absence of a pathologic condition. Occasionally, displaced sesamoids are regarded as a sign of muscular or tendinous injury. 21, 22 Sesamoid bones are identified by their size, shape, and location ( Figs. 20 In the same group of dogs, the elbow sesamoid, located in the tendon of origin of the supinator, had an incidence of 31%, the lateral plantar tarsometatarsal sesamoid 50%, and the intraarticular tarsometatarsal sesamoid 27%, whereas the popliteal sesamoid is ossified in 84% to 94% of dogs. The clavicle is present in up to 96% of large dogs and in all cats, but the sesamoids in the iliopubic cartilage were identified in only 11% of one group of greyhounds. If sesamoid bones are not visualized on a radiograph, they may be absent or have not ossified at the time of radiography. Sesamoid bones are present commonly adjacent to the elbow, stifle, tarsus, and the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. Intraarticular gas diffuses slowly out of a joint over several hours after normal intraarticular pressure is reestablished. 16 Positive clinical associations with intraarticular gas include degenerative disc disease, cervical vertebral instability, osteochondrosis, and degenerative joint disease ( Fig. Interestingly, gas diffusion was not a feature of normal (non-OCD) contralateral joints of dogs in this series. 16, 17 Because traction is used during positioning of the shoulder for an OCD examination, gas diffusion is theorized to be induced by traction. The vacuum phenomenon has many causes in dogs and cats ( Box 18-2) and is observed when excessive distraction is applied to the coxofemoral joints during distraction radiography and has been reported in 20% of shoulder joint radiographs of dogs with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humeral head. This may occur naturally or be induced by applying traction to a joint. 18 The theory is that noniatrogenic intraarticular gas represents diffusion of nitrogen from extracellular fluid into an adjacent joint space when negative pressure is present in the joint. The presence of intraarticular gas is identified more easily d uring computed tomography examinations than during radiography. 15– 19 It has also been observed within the intervertebral disc spaces of dogs that have a prolapsed disc. Spontaneous or induced gas diffusion into a joint, termed the vacuum phenomenon, has been reported in both horses 14 and dogs.
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